Assumption Based System (ABS) is a logic system that employs
Assumption Based Reasoning.
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Deduction, Induction
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However, since it simply retains the present findings rather than all of the data, it does not allow for data retraction.
belief net, join tree, Shafer-Shenoy Architecture.
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ALICE, classification tree.
http://www.alice-soft.com/products/ac2.htm
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Dabbala Rajagopal "Raj" Reddy (1937–) is an Indian American who has made important contributions to artificial intelligence and has won the Turing Award.
He holds the Moza Bint Nasser Chair and University Professor
of Computer Science and Robotics at Carnegie Mellon University's School of
Computer Science.
He worked on the faculties of Stanford and Carnegie Mellon
universities, two of the world's leading colleges for artificial intelligence
research.
In the United States and in India, he has received honors
for his contributions to artificial intelligence.
In 2001, the Indian government bestowed upon him the Padma
Bhushan Award (the third highest civilian honor).
In 1984, he was also given the Legion of Honor, France's
highest honor, which was created in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte himself.
In 1958, Reddy obtained his bachelor's degree from the
University of Madras' Guindy Engineering College, and in 1960, he received his
master's degree from the University of New South Wales in Australia.
In 1966, he came to the United States to get his doctorate
in computer science at Stanford University.
He was the first in his family to get a university degree,
which is typical of many rural Indian households.
He went to the academy in 1966 and joined the faculty of
Stanford University as an Assistant Professor of Computer Science, where he
stayed until 1969, after working in the industry as an Applied Science
Representative at IBM Australia from 1960 to 1963.
He began working at Carnegie Mellon as an Associate
Professor of Computer Science in 1969 and will continue to do so until 2020.
He rose up the ranks at Carnegie Mellon, eventually becoming
a full professor in 1973 and a university professor in 1984.
In 1991, he was appointed as the head of the School of
Computer Science, a post he held until 1999.
Many schools and institutions were founded as a result of
Reddy's efforts.
In 1979, he launched the Robotics Institute and served as
its first director, a position he held until 1999.
He was a driving force behind the establishment of the
Language Technologies Institute, the Human Computer Interaction Institute, the
Center for Automated Learning and Discovery (now the Machine Learning
Department), and the Institute for Software Research at CMU during his stint as
dean.
From 1999 to 2001, Reddy was a cochair of the President's
Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC).
The President's Council of Advisors on Science and
Technology (PCAST) took over PITAC in 2005.
Reddy was the president of the American Association for
Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) from 1987 to 1989.
The AAAI has been renamed the Association for the
Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, recognizing the worldwide character of
the research community, which began with pioneers like Reddy.
The former logo, acronym (AAAI), and purpose have been
retained.
Artificial intelligence, or the study of giving intelligence
to computers, was the subject of Reddy's research.
He worked on voice control for robots, speech recognition
without relying on the speaker, and unlimited vocabulary dictation, which
allowed for continuous speech dictation.
Reddy and his collaborators have made significant
contributions to computer analysis of natural sceneries, job oriented computer
architectures, universal access to information (a project supported by UNESCO),
and autonomous robotic systems.
Reddy collaborated on Hearsay II, Dragon, Harpy, and Sphinx
I/II with his coworkers.
The blackboard model, one of the fundamental concepts that
sprang from this study, has been extensively implemented in many fields of AI.
Reddy was also interested in employing technology for the
sake of society, and he worked as the Chief Scientist at the Centre Mondial
Informatique et Ressource Humaine in France.
He aided the Indian government in the establishment of the
Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, which focuses on low-income
rural youth.
He is a member of the International Institute of Information
Technology (IIIT) in Hyderabad's governing council.
IIIT is a non-profit public-private partnership (N-PPP) that
focuses on technological research and applied research.
He was on the board of directors of the Emergency Management
and Research Institute, a nonprofit public-private partnership that offers
public emergency medical services.
EMRI has also aided in the emergency management of its
neighboring nation, Sri Lanka.
In addition, he was a member of the Health Care Management
Research Institute (HMRI).
HMRI provides non-emergency health-care consultation to
rural populations, particularly in Andhra Pradesh, India.
In 1994, Reddy and Edward A. Feigenbaum shared the Turing Award, the top honor in artificial intelligence, and Reddy became the first person of Indian/Asian descent to receive the award.
In 1991, he received the IBM Research Ralph Gomory Fellow
Award, the Okawa Foundation's Okawa Prize in 2004, the Honda Foundation's Honda
Prize in 2005, and the Vannevar Bush Award from the United States National
Science Board in 2006.
Reddy has received fellowships from the Institute of
Electronic and Electrical Engineers (IEEE), the Acoustical Society of America,
and the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, among other
prestigious organizations.
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Autonomous and Semiautonomous Systems; Natural Language Processing and Speech Understanding.
Reddy, Raj. 1988. “Foundations and Grand Challenges of Artificial Intelligence.” AI Magazine 9, no. 4 (Winter): 9–21.
Reddy, Raj. 1996. “To Dream the Possible Dream.” Communications of the ACM 39, no. 5 (May): 105–12.
Between 2011 through
2016, the fictitious television program Person of Interest ran on CBS for five
seasons.
Although the show's early episodes resembled a serial crime
drama, the tale developed into a science fiction genre that probed ethical
questions around artificial intelligence development.
The show's central concept revolves upon a monitoring system
known as "The Machine," which was developed for the United States by
millionaire Harold Finch, portrayed by Michael Emerson.
This technology was created largely to avoid terrorist acts,
but it has evolved to the point where it can anticipate crimes before they
happen.
However, owing to its architecture, it only discloses the
"person of interest's" social security number, which might be either
the victim or the offender.
Normally, each episode is centered on a single person of
interest number that has been produced.
Although the ensemble increases in size over the seasons,
Finch first employs ex-CIA agent John Reese, portrayed by Jim Caviezel, to
assist him in investigating and preventing these atrocities.
Person of Interest is renowned for emphasizing and
dramatizing ethical issues surrounding both the invention and deployment of
artificial intelligence.
Season four, for example, delves deeply into how Finch
constructed The Machine in the first place.
Finch took enormous pains to ensure that The Machine had the
correct set of values before exposing it to actual data, as shown by
flashbacks.
As Finch strove to get the settings just correct, viewers
were able to see exactly what might go wrong.
In one flashback, The Machine altered its own programming
before lying about it.
When these failures arise, Finch deletes the incorrect code,
noting that The Machine will have unrivaled capabilities.
The Machine quickly responds by overriding its own deletion
procedures and even attempting to murder Finch.
"I taught it how to think," Finch says as he
reflects on the process.
All I have to do now is educate it how to be
concerned." Finally, Finch is able to program The Machine successfully
with the proper set of ideals, which includes the preservation of human life.
The interaction of numerous AI beings is a second key
ethical subject that runs through seasons three through five.
In season three, Samaritan, a competing AI surveillance
software, is built.
This system does not care about human life in the same way
as The Machine does, and as a result, it causes enormous harm and turmoil in
order to achieve its goals, which include sustaining the United States'
national security and its own survival.
As a result of their differences, Samaritan and The Machine
find themselves at odds.
The Machine finally beats Samaritan, despite the fact that
the program implies that Samaritan is more powerful owing to the employment of
newer technology.
This program was mainly a critical success; nevertheless,
declining ratings led to its cancellation after just thirteen episodes in its
fifth season.
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Biometric Privacy and Security; Biometric Technology; Predictive Policing.
McFarland, Melanie. 2016. “Person of Interest Comes to an End, but the Technology Central to the Story Will Keep Evolving.” Geek Wire, June 20, 2016. https://www.geekwire.com/2016/person-of-interest/.
Newitz, Annalee. 2016. “Person of Interest Remains One of the Smartest Shows about AI on Television.” Ars Technica, May 3, 2016. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2016/05/person-of-interest-remains-one-of-the-smartest-shows-about-ai-on-television/.
The Three Laws of Robotics by science fiction author Isaac Asimov occur in the short tale "Runaround."
Emil Post, a mathematician, talks about "production systems," a notion he adopted for the 1957 General Problem Solver.
1943
"A Logical Calculus of the Ideas of Immanent in Nervous Activity," a study by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts on a computational theory of neural networks, is published.
The Teleological Society was founded by John von Neumann, Norbert Wiener, Warren McCulloch, Walter Pitts, and Howard Aiken to explore, among other things, nervous system communication and control.
In his book How to Solve It, George Polya emphasizes the importance of heuristic thinking in issue solving.
In New York City, the first of eleven Macy Conferences on Cybernetics gets underway. "Feedback Mechanisms and Circular Causal Systems in Biological and Social Systems" is the focus of the inaugural conference.
Norbert Wiener, a mathematician, publishes Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine.
In his book The Organization of Behavior, psychologist Donald Hebb provides a theory for brain adaptation in human education: "neurons that fire together connect together."
1949
Edmund Berkeley's book Giant Brains, or Machines That Think, is published.
Alan Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" describes the Turing Test, which attributes intelligence to any computer capable of demonstrating intelligent behavior comparable to that of a person.
1950
Claude Shannon releases "Programming a Computer for Playing Chess," a groundbreaking technical study that shares search methods and strategies.
Marvin Minsky, a math student, and Dean Edmonds, a physics student, create an electronic rat that can learn to navigate a labyrinth using Hebbian theory.
1951
John von Neumann, a mathematician, releases "General and Logical Theory of Automata," which reduces the human brain and central nervous system to a computer.
1951
For the University of Manchester's Ferranti Mark 1 computer, Christopher Strachey produces a checkers software and Dietrich Prinz creates a chess routine.
Cyberneticist W. Edwards wrote Design for a Brain: The Origin of Adaptive Behavior, a book on the logical underpinnings of human brain function. Ross Ashby is a British actor.
1952
At Cornell University Medical College, physiologist James Hardy and physician Martin Lipkin begin developing a McBee punched card system for mechanical diagnosis of patients.
Science-Fiction Thinking Machines: Robots, Androids, Computers, edited by Groff Conklin, is a theme-based anthology.
1954
The Georgetown-IBM project exemplifies the power of text machine translation.
Under the direction of economist Herbert Simon and graduate student Allen Newell, artificial intelligence research began at Carnegie Tech (now Carnegie Mellon University).
1955
For Scientific American, mathematician John Kemeny wrote "Man as a Machine."
1955
In a Rockefeller Foundation proposal for a Dartmouth University meeting, mathematician John McCarthy coined the phrase "artificial intelligence."
Allen Newell, Herbert Simon, and Cliff Shaw created Logic Theorist, an artificial intelligence computer software for proving theorems in Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell's Principia Mathematica.
1956
The "Constitutional Convention of AI," a Dartmouth Summer Research Project, brings together specialists in cybernetics, automata, information theory, operations research, and game theory.
1956
On television, electrical engineer Arthur Samuel shows off his checkers-playing AI software.
Allen Newell and Herbert Simon created the General Problem Solver AI software.
1957
The Rockefeller Medical Electronics Center shows how an RCA Bizmac computer application might help doctors distinguish between blood disorders.
The Computer and the Brain, an unfinished work by John von Neumann, is published.
1958
At the "Mechanisation of Thought Processes" symposium at the UK's Teddington National Physical Laboratory, Firmin Nash delivers the Group Symbol Associator its first public demonstration.
1958
For linear data categorization, Frank Rosenblatt develops the single layer perceptron, which includes a neural network and supervised learning algorithm.
1958
The high-level programming language LISP is specified by John McCarthy of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for AI research.
"The Reasoning Foundations of Medical Diagnosis," written by physicist Robert Ledley and radiologist Lee Lusted, presents Bayesian inference and symbolic logic to medical difficulties.
1959
At MIT, John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky create the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
James L. Adams, an engineering student, built the Stanford Cart, a remote control vehicle with a television camera.
In his short novel "Without a Thought," science fiction and fantasy author Fred Saberhagen develops sentient killing robots known as Berserkers.
John McCarthy developed the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL).
1963
Under Project MAC, the Advanced Research Experiments Agency of the United States Department of Defense began financing artificial intelligence projects at MIT.
Joseph Weizenbaum of MIT created ELIZA, the first software allowing natural language conversation with a computer (a "chatbot").
I am a statistician from the United Kingdom. J. Good's "Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine," which predicts an impending intelligence explosion, is published.
1965
Hubert L. Dreyfus and Stuart E. Dreyfus, philosophers and mathematicians, publish "Alchemy and AI," a study critical of artificial intelligence.
1965
Joshua Lederberg and Edward Feigenbaum founded the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project, which aims to model scientific reasoning and create expert systems.
1965
Donald Michie is the head of Edinburgh University's Department of Machine Intelligence and Perception.
1965
Georg Nees organizes the first generative art exhibition, Computer Graphic, in Stuttgart, West Germany.
1965
With the expert system DENDRAL, computer scientist Edward Feigenbaum starts a ten-year endeavor to automate the chemical analysis of organic molecules.
The Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee (ALPAC) issues a cautious assessment on machine translation's present status.
On a DEC PDP-6 at MIT, Richard Greenblatt finishes work on Mac Hack, a computer that plays competitive tournament chess.
1967
Waseda University's Ichiro Kato begins work on the WABOT project, which culminates in the unveiling of a full-scale humanoid intelligent robot five years later.
Stanley Kubrick's adaptation of Arthur C. Clarke's science fiction novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, about the artificially intelligent computer HAL 9000, is one of the most influential and highly praised films of all time.
1968
At MIT, Terry Winograd starts work on SHRDLU, a natural language understanding program.
Washington, DC hosts the First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI).
Artist Harold Cohen develops AARON, an artificial intelligence computer that generates paintings.
1972
Ken Colby describes his efforts using the software program PARRY to simulate paranoia.
1972
In What Computers Can't Do, Hubert Dreyfus offers his criticism of artificial intelligence's intellectual basis.
1972
Ted Shortliffe, a doctorate student at Stanford University, has started work on the MYCIN expert system, which is aimed to identify bacterial illnesses and provide treatment alternatives.
1972
The UK Science Research Council releases the Lighthill Report on Artificial Intelligence, which highlights AI technological shortcomings and the challenges of combinatorial explosion.
1972
The Assault on Privacy: Computers, Data Banks, and Dossiers, by Arthur Miller, is an early study on the societal implications of computers.
1972
INTERNIST-I, an internal medicine expert system, is being developed by University of Pittsburgh physician Jack Myers, medical student Randolph Miller, and computer scientist Harry Pople.
Paul Werbos, a social scientist, has completed his dissertation on a backpropagation algorithm that is currently extensively used in artificial neural network training for supervised learning applications.
1974
The memo discusses the notion of a frame, a "remembered framework" that fits reality by "changing detail as appropriate." Marvin Minsky distributes MIT AI Lab document 306 on "A Framework for Representing Knowledge."
The phrase "genetic algorithm" is used by John Holland to explain evolutionary strategies in natural and artificial systems.
In Computer Power and Human Reason, computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum expresses his mixed feelings on artificial intelligence research.
At Rutgers University, EXPERT, a generic knowledge representation technique for constructing expert systems, becomes live.
1978
Joshua Lederberg, Douglas Brutlag, Edward Feigenbaum, and Bruce Buchanan started the MOLGEN project at Stanford to solve DNA structures generated from segmentation data in molecular genetics research.
Raj Reddy, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, founded the Robotics Institute.
1979
While working with a robot, the first human is slain.
1979
Hans Moravec rebuilds and equips the Stanford Cart with a stereoscopic vision system after it has evolved into an autonomous rover over almost two decades.
The American Association of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) holds its first national conference at Stanford University.
1980
In his Chinese Room argument, philosopher John Searle claims that a computer's modeling of action does not establish comprehension, intentionality, or awareness.
Release of Blade Runner, a science fiction picture based on Philip K. Dick's tale Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968).
1982
The associative brain network, initially developed by William Little in 1974, is popularized by physicist John Hopfield.
In Fortune Magazine, Tom Alexander writes "Why Computers Can't Outthink the Experts."
1984
At the Microelectronics and Computer Consortium (MCC) in Austin, TX, computer scientist Doug Lenat launches the Cyc project, which aims to create a vast commonsense knowledge base and artificial intelligence architecture.
1984
Orion Pictures releases the first Terminator picture, which features robotic assassins from the future and an AI known as Skynet.
Honda establishes a research facility to build humanoid robots that can cohabit and interact with humans.
1986
Rodney Brooks, an MIT roboticist, describes the subsumption architecture for behavior-based robots.
The Society of Mind is published by Marvin Minsky, who depicts the brain as a collection of collaborating agents.
The MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab's Rodney Brooks and Anita Flynn publish "Fast, Cheap, and Out of Control: A Robot Invasion of the Solar System," a paper discussing the possibility of sending small robots on interplanetary exploration missions.
The Cog interactive robot project is launched at MIT by Rodney Brooks, Lynn Andrea Stein, Cynthia Breazeal, and others.
The phrase "generative music" was used by musician Brian Eno to describe systems that create ever-changing music by modifying parameters over time.
1995
The MQ-1 Predator unmanned aerial aircraft from General Atomics has entered US military and reconnaissance duty.
Under normal tournament settings, IBM's Deep Blue supercomputer overcomes reigning chess champion Garry Kasparov.
1997
In Nagoya, Japan, the inaugural RoboCup, an international tournament featuring over forty teams of robot soccer players, takes place.
1997
NaturallySpeaking is Dragon Systems' first commercial voice recognition software product.
Sony introduces AIBO, a robotic dog, to the general public.
The Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility humanoid robot, ASIMO, is unveiled by Honda.
At Super Bowl XXXV, Visage Corporation unveils the FaceFINDER automatic face-recognition technology.
The Roomba autonomous household vacuum cleaner is released by the iRobot Corporation, which was created by Rodney Brooks, Colin Angle, and Helen Greiner.
In the Mojave Desert near Primm, NV, DARPA hosts its inaugural autonomous vehicle Grand Challenge, but none of the cars complete the 150-mile route.
Under the direction of neurologist Henry Markram, the Swiss Blue Brain Project is formed to imitate the human brain.
Netflix is awarding a $1 million prize to the first programming team to create the greatest recommender system based on prior user ratings.
DARPA has announced the commencement of the Urban Challenge, an autonomous car competition that will test merging, passing, parking, and navigating traffic and junctions.
Under the leadership of Sebastian Thrun, Google launches its self-driving car project (now known as Waymo) in the San Francisco Bay Area.
2009
Fei-Fei Li of Stanford University describes her work on ImageNet, a library of millions of hand-annotated photographs used to teach AIs to recognize the presence or absence of items visually.
Human manipulation of automated trading algorithms causes a "flash collapse" in the US stock market.
Demis Hassabis, Shane Legg, and Mustafa Suleyman developed DeepMind in the United Kingdom to educate AIs how to play and succeed at classic video games.
2011
Watson, IBM's natural language computer system, has beaten Jeopardy! Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter are the champions.
2011
The iPhone 4S comes with Apple's mobile suggestion assistant Siri.
2011
Andrew Ng, a computer scientist, and Google colleagues Jeff Dean and Greg Corrado have launched an informal Google Brain deep learning research cooperation.
The European Union's Human Brain Project aims to better understand how the human brain functions and to duplicate its computing capabilities.
2013
Stop Killer Robots is a campaign launched by Human Rights Watch.
2013
Spike Jonze's science fiction drama Her has been released. A guy and his AI mobile suggestion assistant Samantha fall in love in the film.
Ian Goodfellow and colleagues at the University of Montreal create Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for use in deep neural networks, which are beneficial in making realistic fake human photos.
2014
Eugene Goostman, a chatbot that plays a thirteen-year-old kid, is said to have passed a Turing-like test.
2014
According to physicist Stephen Hawking, the development of AI might lead to humanity's extinction.
DeepFace is a deep learning face recognition system that Facebook has released on its social media platform.
In a five-game battle, DeepMind's AlphaGo software beats Lee Sedol, a 9th dan Go player.
2016
Tay, a Microsoft AI chatbot, has been put on Twitter, where users may teach it to send abusive and inappropriate posts.
The Asilomar Meeting on Beneficial AI is hosted by the Future of Life Institute.
2017
Anthony Levandowski, an AI self-driving start-up engineer, formed the Way of the Future church with the goal of creating a superintelligent robot god.
Google has announced Duplex, an AI program that uses natural language to schedule appointments over the phone.
2018
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and "Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI" are published by the European Union.
A lung cancer screening AI developed by Google AI and Northwestern Medicine in Chicago, IL, surpasses specialized radiologists.
2019
Elon Musk cofounded OpenAI, which generates realistic tales and journalism via artificial intelligence text generation. Because of its ability to spread false news, it was previously judged "too risky" to utilize.
TensorFlow Quantum, an open-source framework for quantum machine learning, was announced by Google AI in conjunction with the University of Waterloo, the "moonshot faculty" X, and Volkswagen.
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Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is defined as the software representation of generalized human cognitive capacities that enables the ...
