Showing posts with label Tanya Berger-Wolf. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Tanya Berger-Wolf. Show all posts

Artificial Intelligence - What Is Deep Learning?

 



Deep learning is a subset of methods, tools, and techniques in artificial intelligence or machine learning.

Learning in this case involves the ability to derive meaningful information from various layers or representations of any given data set in order to complete tasks without human instruction.

Deep refers to the depth of a learning algorithm, which usually involves many layers.

Machine learning networks involving many layers are often considered to be deep, while those with only a few layers are considered shallow.

The recent rise of deep learning over the 2010s is largely due to computer hardware advances that permit the use of computationally expensive algorithms and allow storage of immense datasets.

Deep learning has produced exciting results in the fields of computer vision, natural language, and speech recognition.

Notable examples of its application can be found in personal assistants such as Apple’s Siri or Amazon Alexa and search, video, and product recommendations.

Deep learning has been used to beat human champions at popular games such as Go and Chess.

Artificial neural networks are the most common form of deep learning.

Neural networks extract information through multiple stacked layers commonly known as hidden layers.





These layers contain artificial neurons, which are connected independently via weights to neurons in other layers.

Neural networks often involve dense or fully connected layers, meaning that each neuron in any given layer will connect to every neuron of its preceding layer.

This allows the network to learn increasingly intricate details or be trained by the data passing through each subsequent layer.

Part of what separates deep learning from other forms of machine learning is its ability to work with unstructured data.

There are no pre-arranged labels or characteristics in unstructured data.

Deep learning algorithms can learn to link their own features with unstructured inputs using several stacked layers.

This is done by the hierarchical approach in which a deep multi-layered learning algorithm offers more detailed information with each successive layer, enabling it to break down a very complicated issue into a succession of lesser ones.

This enables the network to learn more complex information or to be taught by data provided via successive layers.

The following steps are used to train a network: Small batches of tagged data are sent over the network first.

The loss of the network is determined by comparing predictions to real labels.

Back propagation is used to compute and transmit any inconsistencies to the weights.

Weights are tweaked gradually in order to keep losses to a minimum throughout each round of predictions.

The method is repeated until the network achieves optimum loss reduction and high accuracy of accurate predictions.

Deep learning has an advantage over many machine learning approaches and shallow learning networks since it can self-optimize its layers.

Machine or shallow learning methods need human participation in the preparation of unstructured data for input, often known as feature engineering, since they only have a few layers at most.





This may be a lengthy procedure that takes much too much time to be profitable, particularly if the dataset is enormous.

As a result of these factors, machine learning algorithms may seem to be a thing of the past.

Deep learning algorithms, on the other hand, come at a price.

Finding their own characteristics requires a large quantity of data, which isn't always accessible.

Furthermore, as data volumes get larger, so do the processing power and training time requirements, since the network will be dealing with a lot more data.

Depending on the number and kinds of layers utilized, training time will also rise.

Fortunately, online computing, which lets anybody to rent powerful machines for a price, allows anyone to run some of the most demanding deep learning networks.

Convolutional neural networks need hidden layers that are not included in the standard neural network design.

Deep learning of this kind is most often connected with computer vision projects, and it is now the most extensively used approach in that sector.

In order to obtain information from an image, basic convnet networks would typically utilize three kinds of layers: convolutional layers, pooling layers, and dense layers.

Convolutional layers gather information from low-level features such as edges and curves by sliding a window, or convolutional kernel, over the picture.

Subsequent stacked convolutional layers will repeat this procedure over the freshly generated layers of low-level features, looking for increasingly higher-level characteristics until the picture is fully understood.

Different hyperparameters may be modified to find different sorts of features, such as the size of the kernel or the distance it glides over the picture.

Pooling layers enable a network to learn higher-level elements of an image in a progressive manner by down sampling the picture along the way.

The network may become too computationally costly without a pooling layer built amid convolutional layers as each successive layer examines more detailed data.

In addition, the pooling layer reduces the size of an image while preserving important details.

These characteristics become translation invariant, which means that a feature seen in one portion of an image may be identified in a totally other region of the same picture.

The ability of a convolutional neural network to retain positional information is critical for image classification.

The ability of deep learning to automatically parse through unstructured data to find local features that it deems important while retaining positional information about how these features interact with one another demonstrates the power of convolutional neural networks.

Recurrent neural networks excel at sequence-based tasks like sentence completion and stock price prediction.

The essential idea is that, unlike previous instances of networks in which neurons just transmit information forward, neurons in recurrent neural networks feed information forward while also periodically looping the output back to itself throughout a time step.

Recurrent neural networks may be regarded of as having a rudimentary type of memory since each time step includes recurrent information from all previous time steps.

This is often utilized in natural language processing projects because recurrent neural networks can handle text in a way that is more human-like.

Instead of seeing a phrase as a collection of isolated words, a recurrent neural network may begin to analyse the mood of the statement or even create the following sentence autonomously depending on what has already been stated.

In many respects akin to human talents, deep learning may give strong techniques of evaluating unstructured data.

Unlike humans, deep learning networks never get tired.

Deep learning may substantially outperform standard machine learning techniques when given enough training data and powerful computers, particularly given its autonomous feature engineering capabilities.

Image classification, voice recognition, and self-driving vehicles are just a few of the fields that have benefited tremendously from deep learning research over the previous decade.

Many new exciting deep learning applications will emerge if current enthusiasm and computer hardware upgrades continue to grow.


~ Jai Krishna Ponnappan

You may also want to read more about Artificial Intelligence here.



See also: 


Automatic Film Editing; Berger-Wolf, Tanya; Cheng, Lili; Clinical Decision Support Systems; Hassabis, Demis; Tambe, Milind.


Further Reading:


Chollet, François. 2018. Deep Learning with Python. Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications.

Géron, Aurélien. 2019. Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras and TensorFlow: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems. Second edition. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media.

Goodfellow, Ian, Yoshua Bengio, and Aaron Courville. 2017. Deep Learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Artificial Intelligence - Who Is Tanya Berger-Wolf? What Is The AI For Wildlife Conservation Software Non-profit, 'Wild Me'?

 


Tanya Berger-Wolf (1972–) is a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago's Department of Computer Science (UIC).

Her contributions to computational ecology and biology, data science and network analysis, and artificial intelligence for social benefit have earned her acclaim.

She is a pioneer in the subject of computational population biology, which employs artificial intelligence algorithms, computational methodologies, social science research, and data collecting to answer questions about plants, animals, and people.

Berger-Wolf teaches multidisciplinary field courses with engineering students from UIC and biology students from Prince ton University at the Mpala Research Centre in Kenya.

She works in Africa because of its vast genetic variety and endangered species, which are markers of the health of life on the planet as a whole.

Her group is interested in learning more about the effects of the environment on social animal behavior, as well as what puts a species at danger.

Wildbook, a charity that develops animal conservation software, is her cofounder and director.

Berger-work Wolf's for Wildbook included a crowd-sourced project to photograph as many Grevy's zebras as possible in order to complete a full census of the endangered animals.

The group can identify each individual Grevy's zebra by its distinctive pattern of stripes, which acts as a natural bar code or fingerprint, after analyzing the photographs using artificial intelligence systems.

Using convolutional neural networks and matching algorithms, the Wildbook program recognizes animals from hundreds of thousands of images.

The census data is utilized to focus and invest resources in the zebras' preservation and survival.

The Wildbook deep learning program may be used to identify individual mem bers of any striped, spotted, notched, or wrinkled species.

Giraffe Spotter is Wild book software for giraffe populations.

Wildbook's website, which contains gallery photographs from handheld cameras and camera traps, crowdsources citizen-scientist accounts of giraffe encounters.

An intelligent agent extracts still images of tail flukes from uploaded YouTube videos for Wildbook's individual whale shark catalog.

The whale shark census revealed data that persuaded the International Union for Conservation of Nature to alter the status of the creatures from “vulnerable” to “endangered” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

The software is also being used by Wildbook to examine videos of hawksbill and green sea turtles.

Berger-Wolf also serves as the director of technology for the conservation organization Wild Me.

Machine vision artificial intelligence systems are used by the charity to recognize individual animals in the wild.

Wild Me keeps track of animals' whereabouts, migration patterns, and social groups.

The goal is to gain a comprehensive understanding of global diversity so that conservation policy can be informed.

Microsoft's AI for Earth initiative has partnered with Wild Me.

Berger-Wolf was born in Vilnius, Lithuania, in 1972.

She went to high school in St. Petersburg, Russia, and graduated from Hebrew University in Jerusalem with a bachelor's degree.

She received her doctorate from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Department Champaign's of Computer Science, and did postdoctoral work at the University of New Mexico and Rutgers University.

She has received the National Science Foundation CAREER Award, the Association for Women in Science Chicago Innovator Award, and the University of Illinois at Chicago Mentor of the Year Award.


~ Jai Krishna Ponnappan

You may also want to read more about Artificial Intelligence here.


See also: 

Deep Learning.


Further Reading


Berger-Wolf, Tanya Y., Daniel I. Rubenstein, Charles V. Stewart, Jason A. Holmberg, Jason Parham, and Sreejith Menon. 2017. “Wildbook: Crowdsourcing, Computer Vision, and Data Science for Conservation.” Chicago, IL: Bloomberg Data for Good Exchange Conference. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.08880.pdf.

Casselman, Anne. 2018. “How Artificial Intelligence Is Changing Wildlife Research.” National Geographic, November. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/11/artificial-intelligence-counts-wild-animals/.

Snow, Jackie. 2018. “The World’s Animals Are Getting Their Very Own Facebook.” Fast 

Company, June 22, 2018. https://www.fastcompany.com/40585495/the-worlds-animals-are-getting-their-very-own-facebook.



What Is Artificial General Intelligence?

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is defined as the software representation of generalized human cognitive capacities that enables the ...